Genetic Mutations and Targeted Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Abstract

Despite advances in treatment, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Molecular biology advances have identified important genetic mutations underlying NSCLC pathogenesis and have led to the development of targeted therapies that have shown impressive patient benefits. This review summarizes currently available evidence for the prevalence of major driver mutations (EGFR, ALK, KRAS, ROS1, BRAF and MET) and explores clinical efficacy of corresponding targeted agents. Targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown improved progression free survival and response rate than conventional chemotherapy, especially in mutation positive patients. Although these advances have occurred, barriers, including the development of acquired resistance mutations and lack of universal access to molecular testing, remain that impair optimal delivery of treatment. The review calls for broader genomic profiling, the development of next generation inhibitors and combination regimens to overcome resistance and improve survival. From this evolving landscape, precision medicine has offered new hope for personalized cancer therapy in the management of NSCLC.